Resource P113

	Hazards	Questions Resource pack p113
1	Disruption of Services	Q: What are some examples of services? -Electricity, gas and water Q: How do earthquakes disrupt such services? -EQ can rupture gas and water pipes or electrical cables with the sudden force and jerk.
2	Destruction of Properties	Q: How are properties affected during an earthquake? -The shaking of the ground will loosen the soil and destabilize the foundation of the houses. This may cause properties to fall apart and destroyed many homes.
3	Loss of Lives	Q: How are lives lost during an earthquake? -People may be killed by falling buildings and infrastructure. Many bodies were also found tapped under debris.
4	Destruction of Infrastructure	Q: What are infrastructures? -Buildings, roads, power supplies Q: How are infrastructures affected by earthquakes? •Earthquakes may cause cracks to form in infrastructure such as roads and bridges. •Transportation can be disrupted as it is unsafe to use the damaged roads.
5	Tsunami Threats	Q: How are tsunamis formed by earthquakes? -The movement of the sea floor during a large earthquake at subduction zones causes large amount of sea water to be displaced -The waves rise in height towards the shore and crashes at the coast
6	Landslides occurrence	Q: What are landslides? -rapid downslope movements of soil, rock and vegetation Q: Why are there landslides during an earthquake? -EQ destabilizes the slopes and cause the ground to give way
7	Fires breakout	Q: Why are there fires during an earthquake? -Earthquakes may rupture gas pipes and this can provide fuel to start fires. Q: How does the fire affect people? -It destroy houses and lives of people. Building and infrastructure are also burnt and damaged by the fires.

Resource pack worksheet p110

With the help of Fig. 1, explain the impact caused by an earthquake.                               [3]

-Destruction of properties : structural damage to houses -Destruction of infrastructure : cracks to form on roads and buildings -Tsunami : floods and damage coastal communities (1m each)

Resource P111

TSUNAMI AND EARTHQUAKE IMPACT

Question: 

‘The impact of a tsunami on people’s lives can be more devastating than that of an earthquake.’ How far do you agree with this statement?  Give reasons for your answer.    [6]

Introduction:

Yes I agree to a large extent as the devastation by a tsunami is very great on the coastal communities as it catches many unprepared. This essay will discuss the impact of tsunami and earthquake on the lives of people.

Impact of a tsunami on people’s lives (1 example)

P=Point	Tsunamis can have an impact on the lives of the people.
D=Describe	Tsunamis are unusually large waves caused by underwater earthquakes.
E=Explain	Tsunamis can travel long distances and caused great destruction to coastal areas when they sweep inland.  At the point of contact on the coast, the tsunami waves could be travelling at 50km/h and may reach heights of around 15metres.
E=Example	In 2004, a 9.2 magnitude earthquake occurred in the Indian Ocean and caused a tsunami with waves that spread throughout the Indian Ocean. The most damage was experienced in the low-lying coastal areas of western Sumatra, Indonesia. There was a loss of lives and destruction of properties along this stretch of the coast. P=Point Earthquakes can have an impact on the lives of the people.  Earthquakes can cause fire. D=Describe Earthquakes may rupture gas pipes and the gas can provide fuel to start fires.  Earthquakes may expose electrical cables which may ignite flammable items like gas and oil. E=Explain Once these items are ignited, fires can spread quickly to a large area, increasing the number of deaths and injured.  E=Example The 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Earthquake caused extensive fires that went on for two days. Firemen were unable to control the fires as the ruptured water pipes meant that were no water supply to put out the fire. Impact of an earthquake on people’s lives (1 example) Conclusion: In conclusion, both Tsunami and Earthquakes causes extensive damage to people. There the implementation of tsunami and earthquake warning system is necessary so that people can be better prepared in times of emergency for evacuation.

Class quiz and EOY exam

Hi guys,

There will be a class quiz held next term to see your understanding of plate tectonics before we have the EOY exams. Please take the school holidays to revise this topic wisely.


Class quiz

Date: Term 4 Week 1 Monday 11th Sept
Time: 12.20 - 1 pm

Marks: 15m

Topics
- LDQ 6m (Extent of earthquake)
- Plate boundaries (4m)
- Landforms (5m)



EOY Exam
- 50 marks
- Time: 1h 40m

Topics
- Plate tectonics
- Weather and Climate
- Geographical investigation (Climate)

Edmodo ASK Climograph assignment

Hi all,

Please login to Edmodo to complete your climograph assignment.

Dateline : 10th Sept 11.45pm

Class code: 6ub9mj

Extent of earthquake

Volcanic risks and benefits LDQ

VOLCANO RISKS AND BENEFITS

Question:  The risk of living in volcanic areas outweighs the benefits.”  How far do you agree with this statement?  [6]

Using the same format of PDEE, write an answer with 1 set of risk of tsunamis and 1 set of risk of an earthquake and

Introduction:

Risk of living in Volcanic Areas (1 example of risk)

P=Point	Destruction by volcanic materials is a risk that people living in volcanic areas faced.
D=Describe	Volcanic materials include lava and volcanic bombs or rock fragments.
E=Explain	People who living in volcanic areas are faced with volcanic eruptions that produce lava and rock fragments.  These volcanic materials can lead to widespread damage of property.  The lava with high temperatures of between 500° C and 1400° C burns the areas it flows through.
E=Example	The ongoing eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii since 1983 has destroyed many homes and highway.

Benefit of living in Volcanic Areas (1 example of benefit)

P	One benefit of living in volcanic areas is the availability of fertile volcanic soils.
D	Lava and ash from volcanic eruptions break down to form fertile volcanic soils. The volcanic soils are good for farming.
E	This is the main reason why these two islands have been able to support a large rural population for many years.  Despite continuous use, the soils are more fertile than most non-volcanic areas of Indonesia.
E	The volcanic soils of Java and Bali in Indonesia support the growing of crops like rice, tea and coffee.

Conclusion

There are many benefits of staying near the volcanoes and it has supported many in their livelihood. But people should also remember the great risks of the eruptions and the government should closely monitor the volcanic activities so that they can warn people of potential threat. 

Risks and benefits

NAME/INDEX NO.		CLASS	307	DATE
SUBJECT	Geography	TITLE	PDEE:Risks & Benefits of Volcanoes

Risks of living near a volcano

Point	Describe	Elaboration	Example
Destruction by volcanic materials	Volcanic materials such as lava, volcanic bombs and rock fragments impose a risk on the people living in volcanic areas.	People who live in volcanic areas are faced with eruptions that produce lava and rock fragments. These volcanic materials can lead to a widespread damage of property. The lava with high temperatures of between 500° C and 1400° C burns the areas it flows through.	For example, the ongoing eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii since 1983 has destroyed many homes and highways.
Landslides	Landslides can occur due to the structural collapse of a volcanic cone during an eruption.	Landslides may have few rock fragments or several hundreds of cubic kilometres. They may obstruct the flow of rivers causing floods, blocked roads and buried villages and farmlands.	The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in the Andes mountains in 1985 released a pyroclastic flow. The lahar engulfed the town of Armero and killed more than 20,000 people.
Pollution	Ash particles ejected during an eruption can disrupt human activities.	Thick plumes of ash may eventually settle on the ground and block sunlight, suffocate crops, and cause severe respiratory problems for animals and people.	During AD 79, Mt. Vesuvius (Italy) erupted and expelled a deadly cloud of volcanic gas, stones, ash and fumes that rose to a tremendous height of 33km.
Effects on weather	Gases such as carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide are released which may have an impact on the weather.	Sulphur dioxide released from volcanic eruptions has impacts on the environment. It may react with water vapour and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulphur-based particles. These particles reflect the sun’s energy back into space and temporarily cool the earth for periods of time.	The volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2010 produced extensive volcanic ash clouds made up of abrasive glass, sand and rock. These particles posed a serious danger to aircraft and resulted in closure of air space over much of Europe.

Benefits of living near a volcano

Point	Describe	Elaboration	Example
Fertile volcanic soils	Volcanic areas has fertile volcanic soils that is due to lava and ash from the eruptions. The volcanic soils are good for farming.	Lava and ash from volcanic eruptions break down to form fertile volcanic soils. Despite continuous use, the soils are more fertile than most non-volcanic areas of Indonesia.	The volcanic soils of Java and Bali in Indonesia support the growing of crops like rice, tea and coffee.
Precious stones and materials	Volcanic rocks can be rich in precious stones and minerals.	After millions of years, precious stones and minerals can be extracted from volcanic areas when the upper layers of rocks have eroded.	The old volcanic rocks at Kimberly in South Africa are one of the world’s richest sources of diamond.
Tourism	Volcanic areas offer a variety of activities for tourists to engage in.	People visit volcanoes to hike or camp in the area, or simply to enjoy the scenery. Volcanic areas are rich in history and people can visit these areas to learn more about them.	The ruins of Pompeii, Italy is a popular tourist spot. When Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, the roman town was buried by layers of ash and uncovered over the years.
Geothermal energy	Geothermal energy is derived from the heat in the earth’s crust.	When groundwater comes into contact with hot rocks beneath the surface, it heats up and erupts as hot water or steam. The hot water or steam can be harnessed to drive turbines and produce electricity,	70% of Iceland’s electricity is generated from geothermal power because of the large numbers of volcanoes in the country.

Answers to common test

1	(a)
		With the aid of Fig. 1, explain the movement of plates.                                -        Magma in the mantle is heated by the core -        which causes it to expand, rise and spread out, therefore plates are dragged and move away from each other -        When the magma cools and sinks, it pulls the plates along with it, hence plates move towards each other -        The sinking magma heats up again near the core and the process repeats. -        This repeated heating and cooling of magma generates convection currents which causes plates to move. Note: Students forgot about 'sinking magma heats up again'/ 'convection currents' Good answers: Wai Teng, Nadia		[5]
	(b)	Name the 2 types of crust and compare their characteristics.   1)     continental crust is located beneath land masses and under shallow seas close to continents whereas oceanic crust is located beneath the deep ocean. [2] 2)     Oceanic crust is very thick (between 35 to 70 km) whereas the continental crust is very thin (between 5 to 8 km) only. [2] 3)      Oceanic crust is made up of lighter rock such as granite but continental crust comprise of denser and heavy rock such as basalt. [2] Choose from any of the 2 points above Perfect answers : Nadia , Darren, Enzo, Larry, Jocelyn, Tasmin Note: Only awards half mark if write 'the oceanic crust is denser than continental crust'		[4]
	(c)	The Himalayas, which are a chain of mountains, were formed millions of years ago and can grow to impressive heights. Explain the formation of the Himalayas. -        Himalayas are formed along convergent plate boundaries -        When plates move towards each other, they collide -        The resultant compressional force creates immense pressure which causes layers of rocks to buck/fracture -        The rocks fold into different layers and forms a fold mountain Note: Most students didnt include key words 'collide','compressional forces/buckle' Good Ans: Xuan Chan, Anna		[4]
	(d)	Study Fig. 2 which shows the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. Fig. 2 Source : http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/geo/geosphere/hot/earthquakes
		With reference to Fig. 2, describe the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.                                                                                                                           -        The distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes are mostly found along plate boundaries -        For instance in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean stretching in a North – South direction. -        The Western coast of America /along the Philippines Plate / Japan and Indonesia -        Southern portion of Eurasian Plate/Northern part of African Plate -        These tectonic activities form the Ring of Fire surrounding the boundaries of the Pacific plate Choose from any of the 4 points above. Note: Badly answered!! Many of you made up stories! and talk about convergent and divergent movement. Even convection currents! Most students did not mentioned the volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean		[4]
	(e)	Study Fig. 3 which shows tectonic movements at plate boundaries. Identify each of the features labelled above.                                                                           [3]
		(i)	A Island arc / volcanic island
		(ii)	B -  Oceanic ridge
		(iii)	C - Trench
	(f)	With the aid of well-labelled diagrams, explain how rift valleys and block mountains are formed. Diagram (0.5m each) -           Tensional forces, -           Fault lines -           Drawing of middle section subsiding -           Labeling of Block mountain Explanation (1m each) -           When two plates move away from each other, -           Tensional forces causes fault lines to be formed -           The central block sinks due to gravity to form rift valley, and the remaining             adjacent block stays as block mountain		[5]